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Key facts, fundamental rights, important parts and borrowed features of the Constitution of India — a high-yield quick reference for competitive exams.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Constituent Assembly first met | 9 December 1946 |
| Adopted | 26 November 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day) |
| Came into force | 26 January 1950 |
| Time taken to frame | 2 years, 11 months, 18 days |
| Drafting Committee Chairman | Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (Father of the Indian Constitution) |
| President of Constituent Assembly | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Original structure | 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules |
| Present structure (approx.) | 448 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules |
| Nature | Longest written constitution in the world |
| Right | Articles |
|---|---|
| Right to Equality | Articles 14–18 |
| Right to Freedom | Articles 19–22 |
| Right against Exploitation | Articles 23–24 |
| Right to Freedom of Religion | Articles 25–28 |
| Cultural & Educational Rights | Articles 29–30 |
| Right to Constitutional Remedies | Article 32 |
Note: The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) and the Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A — 11 duties) complement the Fundamental Rights.
| Part | Subject |
|---|---|
| Part I | The Union and its Territory |
| Part II | Citizenship |
| Part III | Fundamental Rights |
| Part IV | Directive Principles of State Policy |
| Part IV-A | Fundamental Duties |
| Part V | The Union Government |
| Part VI | The State Governments |
| Part IX | Panchayats (73rd Amendment) |
| Country | Features Borrowed |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Single citizenship, Cabinet system |
| United States | Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Preamble |
| Ireland | Directive Principles of State Policy |
| Canada | Federation with a strong Centre; residuary powers |
| Australia | Concurrent List; freedom of trade & commerce |
| Germany (Weimar) | Emergency provisions |
| USSR (erstwhile) | Fundamental Duties; ideals of justice in the Preamble |
| South Africa | Procedure for amendment; election of Rajya Sabha members |